Apr 19, 2022 · Hope Flanagan is teaching people how to find them again, plant by plant—starting in a park near the airport. Flowers, buds, needles, roots. On a foraging trip through Crosby Farm Regional Park, in St. Paul, Hope Flanagan forages for native plants that are good for healing (and snacking). But the classes she offers through the nonprofit Dream ... Medicinal plants in Papua New Guinea : information on 126 commonly used medicinal plants in Papua New Guinea. View/ Open. 9789290612490_eng.pdf (‎2.401Mb)‎ ...Plant Life Cycle & Anatomy Knowledge Why should an herbalist or a medicinal chemist learn plant anatomy? 1. To harvest the correct part of the plant 2. To be able to identify the correct plant 3. To develop propagation methods that maximize yield of medicinal compound During the 1940s, multiple versions of Dr. B. V. Christensen's Collection and Cultivation of Medicinal Plants of Florida were published by the State of Florida's Department of Agriculture. The bulletins were written in response to the overwhelming number of letters received by the School of Pharmacy at the University of Florida …Abstract. Jharkhand is biodiversity rich in medicinal plants. Undoubtly, the flora of Jharkhand is rich and much more diverse as compared to some other states. The forest area is about 40% of the ...The plant is used medicinally and ceremonially by the Tlingit people of Southeast Alaska, who refer to it as "Tlingit aspirin". A piece of devil's club hung over a doorway is said to …Jun 26, 2012 · A couple weeks ago I attended a very interesting walk at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden (RSABG), led by William Broen, an ethnobotanist who has studied medicinal, edible and other folklore about native plants. I can get overwhelmed with too many examples but he kept his discussion to 28 plants that the group came across on our walk. Organic plants support native wildlife and biodiversity. We are proud to be one of a small handful of Medicinal Herb Plants Nurseries that are USDA Certified Organic. Crimson Sage Nursery adheres to the philosophy that the best herbal medicine is made from healthy, organically grown plants, grown in a living soil, teeming with microbial life in ... When learning about healing and medicinal plants used by Native Americans, it's important to remember that traditional medicine varied widely between tribes. Pre-Columbian America consisted of around 500 different nations of people speaking different languages, practicing unique customs, and practicing different medicine. ...The Medicinal Plants Used by Native American Tribes in Southern California by Donna Largo, Daniel McCarthy, and Marcia Roper provides a resource guide for ...Published October 23, 2023 at 5:12 AM CDT. Dr. Foster and his assistant presenting at the Medicine Workshop. Earlier this week, the Forest County Potawatomi Culture Center …5 thg 5, 2016 ... Mark shares five of his favorite medicinal plants indigenous to the South including their traditional Native American use, personal ...Black Cohosh is a native medicinal plant that grows throughout parts of North America. It’s an herbaceous perennial that reaches up to four feet tall and spreads up to 22 inches wide. It’s a common shade garden perennial, usually sold under the name bugbane at garden nurseries.Many medicinal plants are burned and inhaled, cooked and used in the form of a poultice, or simply rubbed on the ailing portion of the body, but the great majority of medicines are boiled and consumed as a tea. Many medicines are also food. Native Americans always believed that one must eat right to stay fit.A comprehensive list of medicinal plants traditionally used by Native Americans in the United States, organized by alphabetical order. Each plant has a brief description, a link to its ethnobotany, and a subcategory for psychoactive cacti.We list and describe many of the southern California native plants that were useful to the Native Americans of the region. We focus on medicinal plantsHere is a list of just a few of the Desert Southwest’s many fine edible and medicinal plants: Agave. This plant has thick leaves clustered at its base, and near the end of its life it grows a tall stalk. It is high in sugar, and the leaves are full of fiber. Its base MUST be cooked and the stalk can be eaten raw or cooked.Abstract: Herbal medicine use is widely popular in Canada, in part because of growing interest in health promotion and folk healing in the general ...The medical ethnobotany of India is the study of Indian medicinal plants and their traditional uses. Plants have been used in the Indian subcontinent for treatment of disease and health maintenance for thousands of years, and remain important staples of health and folk medicine for millions. Indians today utilize plants for both primary medical care …The aloe vera plant is a succulent whose leaves are filled with a gel-like substance. That gel has been used medicinally for thousands of years to treat a number of skin conditions.A total of 64 medicinal plant species were recorded belonging to 60 genera and 41 families. Most frequently used plant families in ethnomedicines were Lamiaceae (8 species) and Asteraceae (7 species). ... Symbols and selectivity: a statistical analysis of native American medical ethnobotany. J Ethnopharmacol. 1979;1(2):111–9.Specifically, Native Americans don’t have a meaning for the gecko. Native Americans believe that all lizards have power as a symbol of dreams and dream medicine. The lizard is one of many Native American totem animals and is often referred ...Medicinal uses of tobacco in history. The tobacco plant, Nicotiana, has probably been responsible for more deaths than any other herb. At present, tobacco smoking is causing over 3 million deaths a year worldwide, and if current smoking trends continue the annual mortality will exceed 10 million by around 2030. 1 Add to this the mortality from ...Roman chamomile (Chamaemelum nobile) is a plant native to Morocco. It is considered safe in common food amounts, but has no proven health benefits. There is interest in using Roman chamomile for a number of purposes, but there isn't enough ...dorm scholarship
In the Native American Ethnobotany Database, there are 33 matches (Rubus chamaemorus, n.d.). The fruit is eaten fresh or stored for winter, and tea of roots and stems can be used medicinally for reproductive health. ... Alaska Mushroom Madness has 3,600, and AK Edible and Medicinal Plants is a private group with 6,100 members (AK Edible …The Native Medicinal Plant Garden is a place to learn about native plants and their use for medicine and food. It is also where we conduct some of our field research on native and medicinal plants. Our street address is: 1865 E. 1600 Road, Lawrence, Kansas Here is our guide to medicinal and healing plants found in the UK and how they might help to cure common ailments.There are numerous wild edible and medicinal plants in British Columbia that are used traditionally by First Nations peoples. These include seaweeds, rhizomes and shoots of flowering plants, berries, and fungi. ... Native plants of B.C. largely contributed to the diets of First Nations peoples of this area before these people and their land ...Ashwagandha is a plant or herb often used for medicinal benefits. It can ease anxiety symptoms and improve your overall well-being. Ashwagandha is a plant or herb often used for medicinal benefits. It can ease anxiety symptoms and improve y...Medicinal plants native to Africa — used in historical and/or contemporary healing traditions. Subcategories. This category has only the following subcategory. P. Plants used in traditional African medicine‎ (164 P) Pages in category "Medicinal plants of Africa"The plant is indigenous to Asia, and it has been used for centuries in Chinese medicine, where it is known as Qing Hao. This herbal medicine was much in the ...The oldest and most timeless natural remedy book on our list, we adore Alma R. Hutchens’ pocket-book, “A Handbook of Native American Herbs: The Pocket Guide to 125 Medicinal Plants and Their Uses.” Focusing solely on herbs found in North America, this book explores everything from folk medicine to common kitchen herbs.State Protected Plants - The Protected Native plants program was created in 1989 with the adoption of the protected native plants regulation to conserve our State's native biodiversity. Big Tree Register - Maintained by the Department of Environmental Conservation (DEC) as an effort to recognize trees of record size and promote an interest in ... writing a process
Many medicinal plants are burned and inhaled, cooked and used in the form of a poultice, or simply rubbed on the ailing portion of the body, but the great majority of medicines are boiled and consumed as a tea. Many medicines are also food. Native Americans always believed that one must eat right to stay fit.Apr 19, 2022 · Hope Flanagan is teaching people how to find them again, plant by plant—starting in a park near the airport. Flowers, buds, needles, roots. On a foraging trip through Crosby Farm Regional Park, in St. Paul, Hope Flanagan forages for native plants that are good for healing (and snacking). But the classes she offers through the nonprofit Dream ... On Sept. 29, Université de Montréal's First Peoples Gardens Committee held an activity to discover and harvest the native medicinal plants that grow on the main campus on Mount Royal. On the tour, some 15 people, including Indigenous students, learned about the traditional Indigenous medicinal plants and did some light work in the "food ...Cutting Celery $8.99. Oregano 'Cuban' $8.99. Betony $8.99. Brahmi $8.99. Tagetes 'Mexican Mint Marigold' $8.99. Marshmallow $8.99. Nettle $8.99. Discover a wide selection of high-quality medicinal plants and herbs at The Growers Exchange. Enhance your well-being naturally. Healing Plants Native Hawaiian Medicinal Plants. Hawaiian medicinal plants grow in many areas, including in the vicinity of heiaus or... Southwest Indian Medicinal Plants. Upper Plains Indians Medicinal Plants. Alaska Native Medicinal Plants. The Four Sacred Medicines. The origins of Native American healing practice and ceremony are as diverse and rich as each of the hundreds of American tribes themselves. Nature has provided gifts that have been an important thread between native people and their spirituality. The Four Sacred Medicines (Tobacco, Cedar, Sage & Sweetgrass) …Specifically, Native Americans don’t have a meaning for the gecko. Native Americans believe that all lizards have power as a symbol of dreams and dream medicine. The lizard is one of many Native American totem animals and is often referred ...Perrenial herbaceous plant 15.2-30.4cm (6-24in) tall with red stem. Leaves are lance-shaped. Leaf nodes are covered in papery, fringed sheaths. Flowers are pinkish-purple and arranged in elongated clusters. Flowers are present June through October. Location Found in waste places, this invasive alien is native to Europe. Ranges throughout North ...This native medicinal plant is commonly known as “peperina”. Its aroma is similar to mint and it is used mainly in infusion as digestive, sedative, antispasmodic, antidiarrheic, antiemetic, to reduce colics, flatulence and stomach pain. Also, it is useful to alleviate respiratory illnesses (Bonzani et al., 1993; Martínez et al., 2003). ...On Sept. 29, Université de Montréal's First Peoples Gardens Committee held an activity to discover and harvest the native medicinal plants that grow on the main campus on Mount Royal. On the tour, some 15 people, including Indigenous students, learned about the traditional Indigenous medicinal plants and did some light work in the "food ...ku women's bball schedule
Write an article and join a growing community of more than 172,100 academics and researchers from 4,765 institutions. ‘As I learn more about First Peoples’ plant knowledge, I’m also better ...The present study explored the ethnomedicines, use of wild edible plants for dietary purpose and associated traditional knowledge of Baiga, Kharwar and Gond tribal communities of Vindhyan highlands, India. Anthropogenic threats faced by valued species were assessed through Overall threat impact (OTI). The information was collected …The use of traditional medicine and medicinal plants has always been a source of efficient natural medicines for people [22-30]. Herbal medicines are available, have a variety of health benefits and public interest is growing toward their use [31-37]. There are several plants in traditional medicines which have positive effects on infertility ...This is a list of plants used by the indigenous people of North America. For lists pertaining specifically to the Cherokee, Iroquois, Navajo, and Zuni, see Cherokee ethnobotany, Iroquois ethnobotany, Navajo ethnobotany, and Zuni ethnobotany . This list is incomplete; you can help by adding missing items. (May 2013) Contents: A B C D E F G H I J K LConservation of medicinal plants can be done by encouraging people not to cut down trees and to plant fast-growing native trees for their household needs (Kadam and Pawar 2020). ...Dec 27, 2019 · In Missouri alone, there are many species of plants whose roots have been used by humans- for food and otherwise- throughout history. From the distant past to modern times, roots native to Missouri have seen a wide array of agricultural, medicinal, and even scientific uses. A process similar to that used to store human embryos is being used by scientists at The University of Queensland to save native Australian plants under threat …The leaf and bark were used to heal cuts, wounds and stomach pains. For toothache, a kawakawa poultice was applied, or the leaves were chewed. The leaf and bark were a remedy for stomach ache, and the root was chewed for dysentery. Kawakawa was used in the umuroa, an oven or vapour bath for those with rheumatism or other complaints.Welcome to the Native Medicinal Plant Research Program at the University of Kansas. Our program focuses on native plants and ethnobotany of the Midwest, Great Plains, and Mountain West. Our program began in 2009 as a broad-based search for medicinal compounds of plants in our region. Over 200 hundred plants were collected in the field and ...Glycyrrhiza glabra (licorice) is a widely used medicinal plant native to southern Europe and some parts of Asia. In traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), it is used for arthritis, bronchitis, cough, fatigue, spasms and pain (Jiang et al., 2020).I thought I’d share plant lists for this season — herbs/native/medicinal plants and flowers. Some I’m growing by seed while others I’ve ordered bareroots. I’m hoping this may expedite your process in growing, or at least give you a starting point even if you’re growing somewhere different (I’m in zone 6a).common name, scientific name, (previous scientific name), a brief description of the plant’s main medicinal uses and history, indication of where it began as a native plant, and the parts of the plant that are or were used medicinally. Alphabetical lists of common and scientific names are at the end of the brochure.Plants; Minnesota Edible and Medicinal Plants. The main purpose of this mission is to have fun foraging wild edible plants. Include a clear photo, detailed description of the plant, how to harvest, and how to prepare. Be sure to list poisonous look-alikes to help prevent accidents. Date and description of habitat are important to help others ...The work of United Plant Savers involves research, education and conservation of native medicinal plants and their habitats. Headquartered at the Goldenseal Sanctuary in Rutland, Ohio, United Plant Savers manages a Botanical Sanctuary Network and provides support and guidance to members. United Plant Savers has developed an "At-Risk Tool" to …If you’re looking for a low-maintenance, hardy shrub to add to your garden, look no further than the buckthorn. This evergreen shrub is native to North America and Europe and is often used as a hedge or border plant. It’s easy to care for a...Plants used in traditional Native American medicine — medicinal plants traditionally used by Native Americans in the United States The main article for this category is Native American ethnobotany .cpa macc
A comprehensive list of medicinal plants traditionally used by Native Americans in the United States, organized by alphabetical order. Each plant has a brief description, a link to its ethnobotany, and a subcategory for psychoactive cacti.Plants contain a complex mix of aromatic and other compounds; used in traditional medicine by ...In Native American Medicinal Plants, anthropologist Daniel E. Moerman describes the medicinal use of more than 2700 plants by 218 Native American tribes.Information—adapted from the same research used to create the monumental Native American Ethnobotany —includes 82 categories of medicinal uses, ranging from analgesics, contraceptives, gastrointestinal aids, hypotensive medicines ...5 thg 4, 2018 ... Illustrated U.S. Map From 1932 Shows the Medicinal Plants Native to Each State ... Renowned for the rarity of its cartographic treasures, the ...The site includes edible plants, medicinal plants and poisonous plants with sub-categories for edible roots, poisonous berries etc. Choices can also be made for displaying introduced vs. native plants and weeds. On the Plant Index menu there are indexes for English and Scientific names, plus all presented species ordered after families. Andropogon sorghum subvar. albidus Busse & Pilg. Andropogon sorghum subvar. badius Hack. Andropogon sorghum subvar. fragilis Hack. Andropogon sorghum subvar. glabrescens Busse & Pilg. Andropogon sorghum subvar. holstii Busse & Pilg. Andropogon sorghum subvar. japonicus Hack. Andropogon sorghum subvar. lividus Hack.We list and describe many of the southern California native plants that were useful to the Native Americans of the region. We focus on medicinal plantsDuring the 1940s, multiple versions of Dr. B. V. Christensen's Collection and Cultivation of Medicinal Plants of Florida were published by the State of Florida's Department of Agriculture. The bulletins were written in response to the overwhelming number of letters received by the School of Pharmacy at the University of Florida …Jun 26, 2012 · A couple weeks ago I attended a very interesting walk at the Rancho Santa Ana Botanic Garden (RSABG), led by William Broen, an ethnobotanist who has studied medicinal, edible and other folklore about native plants. I can get overwhelmed with too many examples but he kept his discussion to 28 plants that the group came across on our walk. common name, scientific name, (previous scientific name), a brief description of the plant’s main medicinal uses and history, indication of where it began as a native plant, and the parts of the plant that are or were used medicinally. Alphabetical lists of common and scientific names are at the end of the brochure. Many of these native medicinal plants are rarely studied for their phytochemical and pharmacological properties and have a huge potential for discovering novel drug lead compounds. Therefore, there is an urgent need to study the biota with these unexplored medicinal plants for developing novel plant-based drugs.Turmeric is a product of Curcuma longa, a rhizomatous herbaceous perennial plant belonging to the ginger family Zingiberaceae, which is native to tropical South Asia.As many as 133 species of Curcuma have been identified worldwide ().Most of them have common local names and are used for various medicinal formulations. Some specific turmeric …Read time: 2 minutes. Cornell researchers have harnessed the power of baker’s yeast to create a cost-effective and highly efficient approach for unraveling how …This plant is native to Europe and has become naturalized in the northern and some southern states. It is a perennial but can be grown as an annual from seed. In Florida, catnip may be started in the fall and the leaves picked in the early summer before rainy IMPORTANT MEDICINAL PLANTS OF FLORIDA 19 Figure 5.-Catnip (Nepeta cataria) weather begins.kalil herbertPerrenial herbaceous plant 15.2-30.4cm (6-24in) tall with red stem. Leaves are lance-shaped. Leaf nodes are covered in papery, fringed sheaths. Flowers are pinkish-purple and arranged in elongated clusters. Flowers are present June through October. Location Found in waste places, this invasive alien is native to Europe. Ranges throughout North ...Jan 24, 2022 · Bearberry or uva ursi, Arctostaphylos uva-ursi, is native to most of Canada, as far north as the Arctic Circle. An infusion made of the leaves can help treat urinary tract infections — UTIs — and people also use it to help with kidney stones, gallstones, gout and even gonorrhea. Traditionally, a salve made of bearberry and fat was used to ... Palmetto. (Serenoa repens) Native Americans used. fruit extracts to treat prostate enlargements and inflammation, colds, asthma, coughs, and migraines. Current knowledge about the plant: It is thought to be a sedative, diuretic, and expectorant. Pharmaceutical studies suggest it may help prostate problems.#1. Yarrow (Achillea millefolium) This fragrant, flowering plant has been used since Ancient Greece began using to stop excess bleeding. It is said the Greek hero Achilles used it on his wounds, hence the name. Pioneers and aboriginal people applied this on open wounds and cuts as a poultice made from the leaves to help clot the blood.Traditional medicinal plants will be evaluated to develop prototype healthcare products. Together in consultation with Indigenous organisations and Traditional ...The oldest and most timeless natural remedy book on our list, we adore Alma R. Hutchens’ pocket-book, “A Handbook of Native American Herbs: The Pocket Guide to 125 Medicinal Plants and Their Uses.” Focusing solely on herbs found in North America, this book explores everything from folk medicine to common kitchen herbs.6 thg 8, 2021 ... Traditional medicinal plants used by Indigenous communities in Lesotho are facing extinction due to overharvesting and the lack of ...relationship with medicinal, edible, and otherwise useful native plants. The native plants on this tour have known uses as medicines, tools, clothes, dyes, religious instruments and, of course, foods. In discussing the many potential uses and ways of interacting with native plants, we hope to convey a sense of the value of our native landscapes.3 thg 6, 2021 ... Even the Rigveda speaks of sages escorting the wandering Aryan, tribes with a bagful of healing herbs. The Asur indigenous system of medicine.Achillea millefolium, commonly known as yarrow (/ ˈ j æ r oʊ /) or common yarrow, is a flowering plant in the family Asteraceae.Other common names include old man's pepper, devil's nettle, sanguinary, milfoil, soldier's woundwort, and thousand seal.. The plant is native to temperate regions of the Northern Hemisphere in Asia, Europe, and North …Nov 11, 2013 · Here is a list of just a few of the Desert Southwest’s many fine edible and medicinal plants: Agave. This plant has thick leaves clustered at its base, and near the end of its life it grows a tall stalk. It is high in sugar, and the leaves are full of fiber. Its base MUST be cooked and the stalk can be eaten raw or cooked. Since time immemorial Indigenous peoples in Canada have been using plants and other natural materials as medicine. Plant medicines are used more frequently than those derived from animals. In all, Indigenous peoples have identified over 400 different species of plants (as well as lichens, fungi and algae) with medicinal applications. Medicine ...A presentation on medicinal plants Sheikh Salam 12.8K views•29 slides. Medicinal plants Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh 4.1K views•19 slides. Medicinal plants Chaithanyasuper 47.5K views•21 slides. Neem Jasmine Mariya 37K views•12 slides. medicinal plants & their uses Vishali29 84.9K views•24 slides.Mar 25, 2021 · Anecdotal accounts of plant-based medicines used by the Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander peoples clearly illustrates high therapeutic activity. Aim: This review aims to demonstrate the medicinal potentials of selected native Australian plants based on scientific data. Furthermore, it is anticipated that work presented here will ... The use of medicinal plants as a fundamental component of the African traditional healthcare system is perhaps the oldest and the most assorted of all therapeutic systems. In many parts of rural Africa, traditional healers prescribing medicinal plants are the most easily accessible and affordable health resource available to the local …cheap gas bloomington il
At the family level, the most common in traditional usage were species of Labiatae (22%), Rosaceae (20%) and Compositae (13%). The results of the survey suggested that Hypericum perforatum was the most popular medicinal plant. Among the 7 different recorded types of preparation, the aerial parts of plants were the most popular (47.3%).There are hundreds of plants that were used by Native Americans as medicines. Discussion of all of them is beyond the scope of this lecture. The most common and widely used plants are discussed. Barberry Barberis genusFeb 5, 2021 · The 5408 Indonesian medicinal plant species are within 245 families and 1809 genera; 3312 are native (61.24%), 1754 (32.43%) are introduced, and 342 species (6.32%) are of unknown status. Most medicinal plants (8.84%) belong to the Fabaceae family (Fig. 3) since it is one of the biggest families of medicinal plants in the world (Willis 2017). A presentation on medicinal plants Sheikh Salam 12.8K views•29 slides. Medicinal plants Bangladesh Agricultural University, Bangladesh 4.1K views•19 slides. Medicinal plants Chaithanyasuper 47.5K views•21 slides. Neem Jasmine Mariya 37K views•12 slides. medicinal plants & their uses Vishali29 84.9K views•24 slides.Here in The Pennsylvania Wilds there are countless gardens growing in people’s backyards, but many people underestimate the medicinal value of what they are growing. My mission is to inspire everyone to see their gardens as home pharmacies. I believe that the garden is a place to grow natural medicines. By growing medicinal plants, we can ...Arnica has been used for medicinal purposes since the 1500s and modern medicine still uses this plant today . Applied to the skin as a cream , ointment , liniment , salve or tincture arnica has been used to soothe muscle aches , reduce inflammation and heal wounds . Fresh or dried flower heads are used in medicinal preparations .Jul 12, 2022 · Medicinal plant specialists Associate Professor Adeyemi Aremu and Professor Nox Makunga highlight some of these plants. ... It is native and endemic to Madagascar. The plant is commonly used as a ... Plant-based remedies are regularly hailed by the popular media and the conservation community to support the notion that the tropics'diverse floral resources are an invaluable and largely untapped source of new pharmaceutical products. Such discussions frequently emphasize the importance of medicinal plants in the Brazilian Amazon—the …5. Yarrow. Yarrow has fernlike, lacy leaves and tiny white flowers. Native Americans crushed the fresh leaves of this plant, and used them to help stop bleeding. When turned into a poultice, these leaves can help relieve a rash, and acne. Yarrow tea steeped from the leaves helps stop internal bleeding.This leafy green plant has many medicinal uses and can be found growing in meadows, pastures, lawns, roadsides, gardens, and waste areas. Internally, it is ...jeff boschee kansas
Abstract. This field guide covering 20 plants native to Namibia, located between Angola and South Africa on the Atlantic Coast, with medicinal uses by indigenous tribes, was written to help preserve the traditional knowledge that is presently passed orally from generation to generation. As indigenous tribes transition from a nomadic ...The Cure for All Your Ills Might Just Be A Native Plant. April 13, 2018 Maryland Grows. You may know Yarrow as a great garden plant for attracting small pollinators and beneficial insects. But there’s a lot more to it than that! Yarrow, Achillea millefolium, has been used as a medicinal for a very long time.Latvian native medicinal plant samples are located on one branch of the dendrogram, while roselle samples are on another branch, the same as in the phylogenetic tree. However a difference from the phylogenetic tree in HCA was seen for Latvian native medicinal plants (yarrow, calendula, and chamomile).Hippocrates, 460-380 BC, known as the “Father of Medicine,” classified herbs into their essential qualities of hot and cold, moist and dry, and developed a system of diagnosis and prognosis using herbs. The number of effective medicinal plants he discussed was between 300 and 400 species.Unlike many other sugar substitutes, stevia is all-natural and derived from the Stevia rebaudiana plant, a relative of daisies native to Paraguay and Brazil. Stevia is 200 times sweeter than regular sugar. Because of this, it is often used ...